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500 ANOS DO DESCOBRIMENTO DA AMÉRICA
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Em 1519 partiu da Espanha comandando cinco embarcações em busca de uma passagem para as lndias peloOcidente. Atravessou o Atlântico e visitou o litoral brasileiro, tendo reabastecido seus navios na Baía de Guanabara. Continuando rumo ao sul, costeou a Argentina e, no extremo sul, descobriu o estreito que levaria seu nome e que era, de fato, a passagem para as Indias. Uma vez no oceano, batizado por ele de Pacífico, rumou para o nordeste, descobrindo as ilhas Marianas e as Filipinas, onde veio a falecer em combate contra os nativos da região. Seu piloto, Sebastião Elcano, completou a viagem de circunavegação pioneira que levaria a única embarcação restante, "Vitória", de volta à Espanha em setembro de 1522.
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Em 1530 juntou-se a Francisco Pizarro na expedição que iria conquistar o grande Império Inca. Em 1541 engajou-se na expedição de Gonzalo Pizarro, em busca do "El Dorado" e da terra de especiarias, "La Canela". Numa embarcação construída na selva partiu em busca de víveres, desceu o curso do rio Napo, que desaguava num rio maior, o MaraPión, nome por que era conhecidoo curso peruano do Rio Amazonas. Numa viagem acidentada esem precedentes, desceu o Amazonas atravessando o Brasil de oeste para leste, atingindo, afinal, a foz do grande rio e o Oceano Atlântico em agosto de 1542. Orellana voltou mais uma vez para explorar o Amazonas, mas sua expedição fracassou e ele morreu em lugar incerto do primeiro trecho do rio em 1546.
CRISTÓVÃO COLOMBO E AS AMÉRICAS
Nascido em Gênova, em 1451, malgrado ser oriundo de uma família de artesãos de boa fortuna, Cristóvão Colombo não adquire, na principal república mercantil da península itálica, uma formação intelectual profunda. Familiariza-se com os conhecimentos ligados à navegação e à cartografia, corriqueiros num porto cosmopolita. Inaugura sua aventura marítima aos dez anos de idade, até que, em 1476, a nave mercante flamenga, a bordo da qual estava embarcado, naufraga ao largo do Algarve. O náufrago vai dar na portuguesa Lagos, de onde zarparam tantos exploradores da Africa. De lá, passa a Lisboa, onde já vivia seu irmão Bartolomeo.
Portugal e Lisboa marcam na língua, nos conhecimentos e no espírito de desbravador o jovem Colombo, então com 25 anos. Podemos dizer, como Pierre Chaunu, que foi Portugal que fez de Colombo, Colombo. A arte de um genovês tomado lisboeta (e casado com rica portuguesa da Madeira) reuniu em Colombo o navegador mediterrâneo de tradição genovesa e catalã-maiorquinae o experimentado conhecedor português do Atlântico.
Portugal, consciente do interesse econômico e político do domínio dos mares e das novas terras e querendo assegurar seu monopólio, recusa a Colombo, em 1485, a mesma delegação de poderes que o navegador obteria, anos mais tarde, dos Reis Católicos de Aragão e Castela, nas Capitulações de Santa Fé (17 e 30 de abril de 1492).
Duas caravelas (Pinta e Nina) e uma nau galega (Santa Maria) desfraldam velas a 9 de setembro de 1492, das ilhas Canárias, para a primeira das quatro viagens de Colombo. Em 12 de outubro de 1492 avista-se Guanaani e nela se aporta (San Salvador, nas Pequenas Antilhas): está descoberta a terra nova, que ainda se pensava ser Catai a China ou Cipango o Japão, mais ao "norte" do que as buscadas Indias. Cuba e a Espanhola são as principais conquistas da primeira viagem.
Com as viagens de 1493, 1498 e 1502 reconhece-se a originalidade das ilhas caribenhas e da Terra Firme ( o continente, na altura do que, hoje, é a Venezuela e a costa antilhana da América Central). E essa a "América" de Cristóvão Colombo, que pensara, como escreveu ao descobrir o litoral continental, ter chegado ao "paraíso terrestre". Foram viagens longas, cercadas das dificuldades de navegação, da exploração das rotas, da conquista das terras e de seus habitantes (chamados de "índios" por ter-se presumido estar-se nas "Indias"): a primeira durou cerca de sete meses; a segunda, com a qual iniciou-se o processo de colonização e exploração, levou Colombo a permanecer quase três anos em seus "domínios"; a terceira, trinta meses a percorrer o litoral sul-americano, até que as cobiças e as movimentações políticas fazem-no voltar, sob escolta, em outubro de 1500; a quarta, e última viagem, pelas rotas já reconhecidas da "carreira das Indias", realiza-se durante trinta meses, de 9 de maio de 1502 a 7 de novembro de 1504, pelas costas da América Central e pelas ilhas do Caribe.
A América cujo nome só se consagraria mais tarde
escapara, contudo, ao Almirante Dom Cristóvão Colombo, já desde 1498. Alquebrado pela doença e pelo desaparecimento de sua mecenas, a rainha Dona Isabel de Castela, morre em 1506, em Valladolid.
A homenagem que a recordação de Colombo representa, significa, sobretudo, sua transformação em figura emblemática de um tempo novo que alterou significativa e definitivamente a face do planeta e as relações políticas, econômicas e sociais do Ocidente.
PROF. ESTEVÃO DE REZENDE MARTINS Secretário de Assuntos Legislativos do Ministério da Justiça
THE 500TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
FERNÃO DE MAGALHÃES Portuguese nobleman and navigator, born in 1480 in Trás-os-Montes. He was distinguished for his participation in many expeditions to the East Indies. Back to Portugal, Fernão de Magalhães had disagreements with King D. Manuel I, fact which motivated his emigration to Spain, where he offered his services to Emperor Carlos V.
In 1519 he left Spain in command of five vessels, searching for a passage to India by the Occident. The navigator crossed the Atlantic, visiting the Brazilian shore and replenishing his ships at the Guanabara Bay. He went further south, followed the coast of Argentina and, at the extreme south, discovered the strait which was later named after him. This strait was in fact the passage to the Indies. As he reached the ocean which he named the Pacific Ocean he set toward the northeast, discovering the Mariana Islands and the Philippines, where he died in combat against the natives. The pilot of Fernão de Magalhães, Sebastiâo Elcano, completed the pioneer voyage of circumnavigation sailing the only remaining ship back to Spain, on September, 1522.
FRANCISCO DE ORELLANA Born in Trujillo, Spain, in 1511. He was related to the Pizzarros, who were then exploring the South American continent. Orellana was 16 years old when he left Spain in search of adventure and riches in the New World. In 1530, he joined Francisco Pizzarro in the expedition that would conquer the great Incaic Empire. In 1541 Orellana joined in Gonzalo Pizzarros expedition, seeking for the "El Dorado" and the land of spices called "La Canela". Sailing in a boat made in the jungle to find provisions Orellana went downstream the Napo river, which flowed to the "Marañón", name that identified the Peruvian portion of the Amazon river. The explorer went down the Amazon, crossing Brazil from west to east, on a rough trip without precedent. Orellana finally reached the mouth of the large river and the Atlantic Ocean on August, 1542. He went back once more to explore the Amazon river, but his expedition was unsuccessful and he died somewhere within the first part of the river in 1546.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
AND THE AMERICASDespite being born in Genoa (1451), in a family of rich artisans, Christopher Columbus does not achieve a profound intellectual formation in the main Italian peninsula mercantile republic. He gets familiar with navigation and cartography which are. commonplace in a cosmopolitan port. He begins his maritime adventure at the age of 10. In 1476 the Flemish merchant ship on which he was boarded suffers shipwreck afar Algarve. The shipwrecked sailor arrives in Lagos, Portugal, where so many explorers of Africa have put out to sea. From there he goes to Lisbon where his brother Bartolomeo lived.
Portugal and Lisbon influenced the young Columbus
then 25 years old with the language, the knowledge and with the spirit of discoverer. We can say, like Pierre Chaunu said, that it was Portugal that made Columbus what he was. The Genoese adopted Lisbon as his own town and married a wealthy Portuguese woman from the Madeira island. Thus, he gathered the Mediterranean navigator of Genoese and Catalan Majorcan tradition and the skilled Portuguese connoisseur of the Atlantic Ocean.
Portugal was aware of the economic and political interest in the control of the seas and new lands. It wanted to assure its monopoly, so refused Columbus in 1485 the delegation of powers the navigator would obtain later on from the Catholic Kings of Aragon and Castile, on the occasion of Santa Fe Capitulations (April 17 and 30, 1492).
On September 9, 1492, two caravels (Pinta and Nina) and a Galician warship (Santa Maria) unfurled the sails from the Canary Islands to the first of the four Columbus trips. On October 12, 1492 Guanaani is perceived in the distance and they stop there (San Salvador, in Lesser Antilles): the new land is discovered. But it was thought to be Catal (China) or Cipango (Japan) situated "north" from the searched Indies. Cuba and Hispaniola are the main conquests of the first trip.
The trips made in 1493, 1498 and 1502 show the originality of the Caribbean islands and the continent, where Venezuela is nowadays situated. That was America, by these times. When Christopher Columbus discovered the continental coastline he thought he had reached "paradise on earth". The trips have been long, surrounded by difficulties: navigation, routes exploration, conquest of lands and their inhabitants so named "Indians" from the belief that the region was the "Indies". The first trip lasted around seven months; the second one with which the colonization and exploration processes started induced Columbus to stay almost three years in his "domains"; the third one took him thirty months on travel all over the South American coast, until greed and political movements made him return, in October 1500, under guard; the fourth and last trip by the already know "routes of Indies" was accomplished in thirty months from May 9, 1502 to November 7, 1504 through Central America coasts and Caribbean islands.
America is a name which would only be adopted later on. However, Admiral Don Christopher Columbus loses his domains in the new continent in 1498. Broken by disease and the death of his maecenas, Lady Queen Isabel of Castile, he deceases in 1506, in Valladolid.
To pay homage to Columbus is above all to undergo his transformation in emblematic symbol of a new time who has significantly and definitely altered the face of the planet ant the Western political, economic and social relations.
PROF. ESTEVÃO DE REZENDE MARTINS Secretary Legislative Affairs - Ministry of Justice
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2012 notice: Please note that most material on this site is copyrighted, if
pieces and bits of this site is found in other locations without proper
authorization there are happy lawyers that would be glad to contact you. If you
would like to use some pictures, contents of this site, please contact author
first
For problems or questions and advertising regarding this Web site contact
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vivabrazil.
Last updated: 12/22/11.
Copyright
2012 notice: Please note that most material on this site is copyrighted, if
pieces and bits of this site is found in other locations without proper
authorization there are happy lawyers that would be glad to contact you. If you
would like to use some pictures, contents of this site, please contact author
first
For problems or questions and advertising regarding this Web site contact
email
vivabrazil.
Last updated: 12/22/11.
Copyright
2012 notice: Please note that most material on this site is copyrighted, if
pieces and bits of this site is found in other locations without proper
authorization there are happy lawyers that would be glad to contact you. If you
would like to use some pictures, contents of this site, please contact author
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