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150 Anos de Emancipação Política de Juiz de Fora
Situada na Zona da Mata do estado de Minas Gerais, Juiz de Fora, primeiro
chamada de Santo Antônio do Paraibuna, foi elevada à categoria de Vila em 1850
e seis anos depois, à de Cidade. Suas origens vinculam-se ao trânsito de
tropas e tropeiros no Caminho Novo - Estrada Real que ligava a região das Minas
ao Rio de Janeiro no século XVIII. Sua denominação-Juiz de Fora - remete a um
funcionário da magistratura portuguesa que atuava na ausência de um juiz de
direito. Um destes magistrados teria se hospedado numa fazenda na qual surgiria
o povoado de Santo Antônio do Paraibuna.
A cafeicultura floresceu ao redor do núcleo urbano. Grupos sociais
onginários primeiramente da região das minas e postenormente, do mercado
interno mineiro, tornaram-se os grandes proprietários de terras e de escravos,
construindo um dinâmico núcleo agrário-exportador cafeeiro. Juiz de Fora toma-se
então o principal pólo econômico, político e social de Minas Gerais no
século XIX. Até 1880, possuía todos os serviços urbanos, além de um sistema
financeiro próprio, possibilitado pela fundação do Banco de Crédito Real. Em
1889 é construída a primeira Usina Hidrelétrica da América Latina,
empreendimento realizado por Bernardo Mascarenhas, importante industrial da
cidade.
Se nos meados do século XIX, a vida da população se movia pelo trotar dos
cavalos encarregados do transporte de café até o porto do Rio de Janeiro, e
mais tarde pelo apito dos trens da estrada de ferro Dom Pedro II, a cidade passa,
nas primeiras décadas do século XX, a ser movida pelo apito das fábricas, O
ouro verde do café transforma-se em investimentos fabns. principalmente nos
setores têxtil e alimentício. Neste período a cidade chega a receber a
denominação de "Manchester Mineira".
Sua população reflete a singularidade de sua formação sócio-econômica.
Levas de imigrantes italianos, motivados pelo mercado de trabalho fabril e pelas
férteis fazendas cafeeiras, se unem aos primeiros colonos alemães dos meados
do século XX. A este grupo se unem os imigrantes portugueses e árabes, os
quais, somados aos milhares de negros recém libertos, compõem uma identidade
regional marcada não só pela integração e conflito, mas principalmente pela
sociabilidade e solidariedade características dos mineiros.
Sua vida cultural revela traços de grande ecletismo, perceptível pelas suas
manifestações arquitetônicas. Construções em estilo Art Nouveau, próprias
da primeira década do século XX, se unem àquelas de estilo Art Déco,
predominantes em meados do século XX, bem como às obras do arquiteto Niemeyere
dos pintores Di Cavalcanti e Cândido Portinani. A criação da Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora, na década de 1960, traz uma contribuição
fundamental: além de pólo econômico, a cidade reafirma-se como maior pólo
cuttural da região a congregar pessoas das cidades vizinhas e a fomentar
projetos e iniciativas de desenvolvimento regional.
Nos últimos anos, a cidade retomou seu dinamismo industrial. Hoje, com uma
população de aproximadamente meio milhão de habitantes, é a segunda maior
cidade de Minas Gerais, caracterizada por uma excelente qualidade de vida,
reconhecida e vivenciada por todos os seus habitantes.
PROP. Dra. MÔNICA RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA
Departamento de História
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
150 Years of the city of Juiz de Fora
Located at the so-called "Forest Zone" of the Minas Gerais State, the city of Juiz de Fora - first named Santo Antonio do Paraibuna - was assigned into the category of Village in 1850 and, six years later, achieved the status of City. Its origins recall the traffic of troops and troopers on the New Path - a Royal Road which connected the mines region to the Port of Rio de Janeiro in the 1 8th century. The name Juiz de Fora (which means "Outside Judge") was given after an employee of the Portuguese magistracy who practiced the Law in the absence of a Judge. One of such magistrates would have been taken as guest in a farm where later the Santo Antonio do Paraibuna village would be founded.
The coffee agriculture flourished around the urban nucleus. Social groups first
originated from the mines region and, most recently, from the Minas Gerais
Business Field, became great landlords and slave masters, constituting a dynamic
agro-export center for coffee. In the 1 19th century, Juiz de Fora becomes the
main social, political and economic center of the Minas Gerais State. In 1880,
it had all urban services, besides a self-financing system, fostered by the
establishment of the Royal Credit Bank. In 1889, the first hydroelectrical plant
of Latin America was built there.
While in the mid-19th century the population's life was moved by the trot of
horses in charge of transporting coffee to the Port of Rio de Janeiro, and later
by the whistle of trains on the Dom Pedro II railroad; In the first decades of
the 20th century the city begins to be moved by the whistle of factories. The
"green gold" - as the coffee was known - was substituted by industrial
investments, particularly in the textile and food sectors. In that period, the
city was even called the "Manchester of Minas Gerais".
Its population reflects the singularity of its
socio-economic formation. Loads of Italian immigrants, attracted by the
industrial working field and by the fertile coffee farms, join the first German
colonists in the mid-20th century. Portuguese and Arabic immigrants also become
part of such group which, in addition to the thousands of just-freed black
ex-slaves, compose a regional identity marked not only by integration and
conflict, but also by the characteristic sociability and solidarity of the Minas
Gerais people.
The cultural life of Juiz de Fora is marked by great
eclecticism, which can be perceived in its architectural manifestations. Art
Nouveau constructions dating from the first decade of the 20th century are
followed by those in Art Déco style from the mid-20th century, as well as the
architectural art works by Niemeyer. It is also the homeland of famous artists
such as Di Cavalcanti and Candido Portinan. The establishment of the Federal
University of Juiz de Fora in the 1 960s made a fundamental contribution to the
city: besides being an economic center, the city reaffirms its status of
greatest cultural center of the region, gathering people from neighbor cities
and encouraging regional development initiatives.
In the last few years, the city resumed its industrial
dynamism and, today, with a population of approximately 500,000 inhabitants, is
the second largest city of the state of Minas Gerais, characterized by an
excellent life quality standard, recognized and experienced by its inhabitants.
PROF. DR. MONICA RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA
Department of History
Federal University of Juiz de Fora
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Last updated: 12/22/11.
Copyright
2012 notice: Please note that most material on this site is copyrighted, if
pieces and bits of this site is found in other locations without proper
authorization there are happy lawyers that would be glad to contact you. If you
would like to use some pictures, contents of this site, please contact author
first
For problems or questions and advertising regarding this Web site contact
email
vivabrazil.
Last updated: 12/22/11.
Copyright
2012 notice: Please note that most material on this site is copyrighted, if
pieces and bits of this site is found in other locations without proper
authorization there are happy lawyers that would be glad to contact you. If you
would like to use some pictures, contents of this site, please contact author
first
For problems or questions and advertising regarding this Web site contact
email
vivabrazil.
Last updated: 12/22/11.
Copyright
2012 notice: Please note that most material on this site is copyrighted, if
pieces and bits of this site is found in other locations without proper
authorization there are happy lawyers that would be glad to contact you. If you
would like to use some pictures, contents of this site, please contact author
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